Issue "Holocaust" dan "Perang Melawan Teror" Adalah Rancangan Para Penjajah Kriminal Inernasional sejak 1945...yakni [AS-NATO-Israel-PBB] yang dijadikan Dasar Neo Kolonialisme dan Neo Imperialisme dengan Ideologi Rasis dan Islamofobia" ....dengan cara2 penuh tipu muslihat...dan Dusta...yang didalamnya dibangunkan Negara2...Rasis dan sangat membenci Islam...terutama Syariahnya.....dan AlQur'an dan Hadist serta Nabi Muhammad SAW sebagai Rasulullah SAW...sumber Pembawa Amanah Wahyu Allah SWT yang mengajarkan Kebenaran...Kejujuran....Open mind yang Berakhlaq...serta Mengajakan Berfikir secara Commonsense...Akal Budi Kemanusaiaan yang Beradab....>>>..Sejarah dapat menunjukkan ....dimana korbannya adalah Palestina-Iraq-Afghanistan dan Umat Islam di seluruh dunia...termasuk di Eropa-Asia-Afrika dan Negara2 yang didukung para Antek2 Penjajah Kriminal Internasional seperti di Indonesia-Syria-Libya-Mesir dll....>>> Membaca Sejarah tentang berdirinya Israel ditanah Negara Palestina dan bagaimana Sekutu yang telah mencoba menduduki Indonesia pada Perang Surabaya 10 November 1945 dan Perang Palagan Ambarawa..Oktober 1945.....yang dimotori para Tentara Sekutu khususnya Pasukan Para Komando Inggris dan Belanda serta Tentara Gurkha-dan NICA...>>> Wahai Umat Islam ...semuanya.... dan Seluruh Rakyat bangsa Indinesia yang cinta Proklamasi 1945...dan UUD 1945 [Asli]....Waspadalah..dan Bangkitlah dengan segenap tekad dan semangat persatuan melawan Penjajahan dan Segala bentuk Kejahatan Internasional... yang sangat menghancurkan Umat Islam dan Persatuan Islam dan Bangsa Indonesia...serta Kemanusiaan...diseluruh Dunia...>>>...Sejarah telah berulang-ulang memberikan Pelajaran... dan terjadinya Pengkhianatn oleh para Antek2 Penjajah baik model lama maupun model baru....Dasar Mereka adalah sama yaitu Para Penjajah Kriminal Internasional.... dengan apa yang terjadi Di Palagan-Ambarawa dan di Surabaya pada tahun 1945..... juga di Palestina 1947 dan juga di Iraq dan Afghanistan 2001 sampai sekarang... Juga apa yang sedang terjadi di Libya...kini... adalah serupa dan sebangun...sebagai Penjajahan Kriminal Internasional oleh ... Tentara yang sama... dan Tokoh2 dari asal dan Negara yang sama....>>>...Mereka para Penjajah Kriminal Internasional.. telah melakukan berbagai cara..Kebohongan dan Alasan2 Dusta... untuk menebarkan Fitnah dan Keserakahan...Penjajahan Model Baru yang sangat Keji dan Sangat Rasialis.... >>> Waspadalah wahai Umat Islam seluruh dunia... >> Bersatulah Umat Islam dan seluruh Ulama2 Islam..dan Seluruh Pemuda dan Rakyat Umat Islam dimanapun berada... Kuatkan Silaturahim... Persatuan dan Solidaritas Umat Islam secara kokoh dan Komprehensif.... Karena Dajjal dan para Pendusta dan Pembuat Fitnah sangat merajalela...dalam berbagai bentuk... dan manifestasinya...>>> Kembalilah Umat Islam kepada syariah AlQur'an-Sunnah Rasulullah SAW secara kaffah--Utuh-Menyeluruh dan Komprehensif...>>> Kuatkan penggalangan Kekuatan Islam dalam segala segi... kehidupan dan kenegaraan...serta dalam disegala lapisan umat Islam... Allahu Akbar....>>> Allahumma Afrigh alaina shabran watsabbit aqdamana wanshurna alalqoumil kafirin... Allahumma ya Rabbana ... Unshurna alalqoumilkafirin... Allahumma..Ya rabbana...unshurna mimaa kadzdzabuun....Allahumma ya Rabbana Unshurna alalqoumifasiqin...wal qoumil munafiqin.... Allahu Akbar...Allahu Akbar......Amin....>>>........Merdeka.......!!!

"Perang Palsu Melawan Teror Dasar dari Ideologi Rasis dan Islamofobia"

Kamis, 28/07/2011 08:02 WIB | Versi Cetak

Perang 'palsu' melawan teror, yang telah menjadi dasar bagi ideologi rasisme, terkait erat dengan kebijakan-kebijakan partai yang berkuasa di negara-negara yang bersangkutan, kata seorang penulis dan analis politik.

"Perang melawan teror telah menjadi dasar bagi ideologi rasisme, Islamofobia, dan iklim represi masif," kata Ralph Schoenman kepada Press TV dalam sebuah wawancara.

Pemerintah Eropa telah memberi andil ketakutan terhadap Islam melalui langkah-langkah seperti melarang cadar di jalanan, yang bertujuan memenuhi tuntutan mayoritas non-muslim yang khawatir meningkatnya populasi Muslim di benua tersebut.

Penulis menambahkan bahwa iklim tersebut sengaja diciptakan oleh perang melawan teror palsu dan Islamophobia itu sendiri.

Ia merujuk ke perilaku melalui agama terbesar kedua di dunia sebagai sebuah gerakan fasis dan menjelaskan bagaimana mereka terbentuk.

"Gerakan-gerakan fasis tidak muncul dalam ruang hampa ... mereka terkait erat dengan politik resmi dari partai yang berkuasa dan badan pemerintah di negara-negara yang bersangkutan. "

Belgia melarang cadar Islam, di mana pihak berwenang menyatakan hal itu perlu dilakukan untuk alasan keamanan. Prancis, yang merupakan rumah bagi populasi Muslim terbesar di Eropa Barat, memiliki hukum yang sama, dan Swiss telah melarang menara masjid baru.

Di Rusia, dinding sebuah masjid di kota Berezovsky dirusak dengan grafiti yang tertulis "Rusia untuk Rusia!" menurut situs Islamnews.ru.(fq/prtv)

Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel 14 May 1948     THE DECLARATION OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STATE OF ISRAEL May 14, 1948On May 14, 1948, on the day in which the British Mandate over a Palestine expired, the Jewish People's Council gathered at the Tel Aviv Museum, and approved the following proclamation, declaring the establishment of the State of Israel. The new state wasrecognized that night by the United States and three days later by the USSR.                                                                             Text: ERETZ-ISRAEL [(Hebrew) -  the Land of Israel, Palestine] was the birthplace of the Jewish people. Here their spiritual, religious and political identity was shaped. Here they first attained to statehood, created cultural values of national and universal significance and gave to the world the eternal Book of Books. After being forcibly exiled from their land, the people kept faith with it throughout their Dispersion and never ceased to pray and hope for their return to it and for the restoration in it of their political freedom. Impelled by this historic and traditional attachment, Jews strove in every successive generation to re-establish themselves in their ancient homeland. In recent decades they returned in their masses. Pioneers, ma'pilim[(Hebrew) - immigrants coming to Eretz-Israel in defiance of restrictive legislation] and defenders, they made deserts bloom, revived the Hebrew language, built villages and towns, and created a thriving community controlling its own economy and culture, loving peace but knowing how to defend itself, bringing the blessings of progress to all the country's inhabitants, and aspiring towards independent nationhood. In the year 5657 (1897), at the summons of the spiritual father of the Jewish State, Theodore Herzl, the First Zionist Congress convened and proclaimed the right of the Jewish people to national rebirth in its own country. This right was recognized in the Balfour Declaration of the 2nd November, 1917, and re-affirmed in the Mandate of the League of Nations which, in particular, gave international sanction to the historic connection between the Jewish people and Eretz-Israel and to the right of the Jewish people to rebuild its National Home. The catastrophe which recently befell the Jewish people - the massacre of millions of Jews in Europe - was another clear demonstration of the urgency of solving the problem of its homelessness by re-establishing in Eretz-Israel the Jewish State, which would open the gates of the homeland wide to every Jew and confer upon the Jewish people the status of a fully privileged member of the comity of nations. Survivors of the Nazi holocaust in Europe, as well as Jews from other parts of the world, continued to migrate to Eretz-Israel, undaunted by difficulties, restrictions and dangers, and never ceased to assert their right to a life of dignity, freedom and honest toil in their national homeland. In the Second World War, the Jewish community of this country contributed its full share to the struggle of the freedom- and peace-loving nations against the forces of Nazi wickedness and, by the blood of its soldiers and its war effort, gained the right to be reckoned among the peoples who founded the United Nations. On the 29th November, 1947, the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution calling for the establishment of a Jewish State in Eretz-Israel; the General Assembly required the inhabitants of Eretz-Israel to take such steps as were necessary on their part for the implementation of that resolution. This recognition by the United Nations of the right of the Jewish people to establish their State is irrevocable. This right is the natural right of the Jewish people to be masters of their own fate, like all other nations, in their own sovereign State. ACCORDINGLY WE, MEMBERS OF THE PEOPLE'S COUNCIL, REPRESENTATIVES OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITY OF ERETZ-ISRAEL AND OF THE ZIONIST MOVEMENT, ARE HERE ASSEMBLED ON THE DAY OF THE TERMINATION OF THE BRITISH MANDATE OVER ERETZ-ISRAEL AND, BY VIRTUE OF OUR NATURAL AND HISTORIC RIGHT AND ON THE STRENGTH OF THE RESOLUTION OF THE UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY, HEREBY DECLARE THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A JEWISH STATE IN ERETZ-ISRAEL, TO BE KNOWN AS THE STATE OF ISRAEL. WE DECLARE that, with effect from the moment of the termination of the Mandate being tonight, the eve of Sabbath, the 6th Iyar, 5708 (15th May, 1948), until the establishment of the elected, regular authorities of the State in accordance with the Constitution which shall be adopted by the Elected Constituent Assembly not later than the 1st October 1948, the People's Council shall act as a Provisional Council of State, and its executive organ, the People's Administration, shall be the Provisional Government of the Jewish State, to be called "Israel". THE STATE OF ISRAEL will be open for Jewish immigration and for the Ingathering of the Exiles; it will foster the development of the country for the benefit of all its inhabitants; it will be based on freedom, justice and peace as envisaged by the prophets of Israel; it will ensure complete equality of social and political rights to all its inhabitants irrespective of religion, race or sex; it will guarantee freedom of religion, conscience, language, education and culture; it will safeguard the Holy Places of all religions; and it will be faithful to the principles of the Charter of the United Nations. THE STATE OF ISRAEL is prepared to cooperate with the agencies and representatives of the United Nations in implementing the resolution of the General Assembly of the 29th November, 1947, and will take steps to bring about the economic union of the whole of Eretz-Israel. WE APPEAL to the United Nations to assist the Jewish people in the building-up of its State and to receive the State of Israel into the comity of nations. WE APPEAL - in the very midst of the onslaught launched against us now for months - to the Arab inhabitants of the State of Israel to preserve peace and participate in the upbuilding of the State on the basis of full and equal citizenship and due representation in all its provisional and permanent institutions. WE EXTEND our hand to all neighbouring states and their peoples in an offer of peace and good neighbourliness, and appeal to them to establish bonds of cooperation and mutual help with the sovereign Jewish people settled in its own land. The State of Israel is prepared to do its share in a common effort for the advancement of the entire Middle East. WE APPEAL to the Jewish people throughout the Diaspora to rally round the Jews of Eretz-Israel in the tasks of immigration and upbuilding and to stand by them in the great struggle for the realization of the age-old dream - the redemption of Israel. PLACING OUR TRUST IN THE "ROCK OF ISRAEL", WE AFFIX OUR SIGNATURES TO THIS PROCLAMATION AT THIS SESSION OF THE PROVISIONAL COUNCIL OF STATE, ON THE SOIL OF THE HOMELAND, IN THE CITY OF TEL-AVIV, ON THIS SABBATH EVE, THE 5TH DAY OF IYAR, 5708 (14TH MAY,1948). David Ben-Gurion Daniel Auster Mordekhai Bentov Yitzchak Ben Zvi Eliyahu Berligne Fritz Bernstein Rabbi Wolf Gold Meir Grabovsky Yitzchak Gruenbaum Dr. Abraham Granovsky Eliyahu Dobkin Meir Wilner-Kovner Zerach Wahrhaftig Herzl Vardi Rachel Cohen Rabbi Kalman Kahana Saadia Kobashi Rabbi Yitzchak Meir Levin Meir David Loewenstein Zvi Luria Golda Myerson Nachum Nir Zvi Segal Rabbi Yehuda Leib Hacohen Fishman David Zvi Pinkas Aharon Zisling Moshe Kolodny Eliezer Kaplan Abraham Katznelson Felix Rosenblueth David Remez Berl Repetur Mordekhai Shattner Ben Zion Sternberg Bekhor Shitreet Moshe Shapira Moshe Shertok * Published in the Official Gazette, No. 1 of the 5th, Iyar, 5708 (14th May, 1948).

			The Signatories of the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel May 14, 1948
	Invitation to ceremony declaring the establishment of the State of Israel (Central Zionist Archives) A crowd gathers outside the Tel Aviv Museum to hear the Declaration (Government Press Office)		The British Mandate over Palestine was due to end on May 15, 1948, some six months after the United Nations had voted to partition Palestine into two states: one for the Jews, the other for the Arabs. While the Jews celebrated the United Nations resolution, feeling that a truncated state was better than none, the Arab countries rejected the plan, and irregular attacks of local Arabs on the Jewish population of the country began immediately after the resolution. In the United Nations, the US and other countries tried to prevent or postpone the establishment of a state, suggesting trusteeship, among other proposals. But by the time the British Mandate was due to end, the United Nations had not yet approved any alternate plan; officially, the partition plan was still "on the books."A dilemma faced the leaders of the yishuv, the Jewish community in Palestine. Should they declare the country's independence upon the withdrawal of the British mandatory administration, despite the threat of an impending attack by Arab states? Or should they wait, perhaps only a month or two, until conditions were more favorable? Under the leadership of David Ben-Gurion, who was to become the first Prime Minister of Israel, the Va'ad Leumi - the representative body of the yishuv under the British mandate - decided to seize the opportunity. At 4:00 PM on Friday, May 14, the national council, which had directed the Jewish community's affairs under the British Mandate, met in the Tel Aviv Museum on Rothschild Boulevard in Tel Aviv. As Jerusalem was under siege, those members who resided in Jerusalem could not be present, although they kept in constant contact by telephone. The proceedings were not widely publicized before they took place, for fear that the Declaration would be stopped by the British; still, those present included representatives of the Jewish Agency, the Zionist Organization, the Va'ad Leumi, leaders of political parties, cultural personalities, the chief rabbis, the chief of staff of the Haganah and his colleagues and more. Thousands waited outside the hall to hear the Declaration on huge loudspeakers and thousands more listened to the Kol Israel radio station to hear the news in the station's first direct broadcast. David Ben-Gurion read the Declaration of the Establishment of the State to those assembled. As he concluded the reading, he said "Let us accept the Foundation Scroll of the Jewish State by rising," and the entire audience arose. Rabbi Fishman read the traditional blessing "Blessed art thou, O Lord, King of the Universe, Who has kept us alive and preserved us and enabled us to reach this season." The signers put their names to the Declaration. A 13-member Provisional Government and a Provisional Council of 37 members were established; upon the departure of the British Mandatory forces, they would become the provisional government and legislature, respectively, of the state. The historic occasion, marked by joy, took place under the long shadow of upcoming war with the Arab states. The State of Israel was established, but at a terrible price: over 6,000 lives lost. The Declaration is made up of four parts: one discusses the history of the Jewish people, its struggle to renew its national life in its land and the international recognition of its right to do so; the second proclaims independence; the third names the principles of freedom, justice, peace and equality of social and political rights, which are to guide the new state; and the last section calls upon the Arabs of Eretz Israel to preserve peace, extends an offer of peace and good neighborliness to all neighboring states and their peoples, and appeals to the Jewish people throughout the Diaspora to rally round the Jews of Eretz Israel. The 37 signers of the Declaration were the members of the Provisional Council of State. They were the leaders of the state-in-the-making, representatives of the different communities that made up the new state.  The oldest was 82; the youngest, not yet 30. Three signers went on to become prime ministers of Israel; one became president; and fourteen became cabinet ministers. Two of the signatories are still alive today.

David Ben-Gurion (1886-1973) - secretary-general of the Histadrut (1921-35), chairman of the Jewish Agency Executive (1935-48) and first Prime Minister of Israel (1948-63, with a short break). He headed the yishuv in the pre-state years; laid the foundations for the workings of the government and the IDF; and led the country in its formative years.

			Daniel Auster (1893-1962) - lawyer and mayor of Jerusalem, 1948-51. He had been active in Jerusalem municipal affairs since 1934, under the British Mandatory administration, and represented the Jewish case against the internationalization of Jerusalem before the United Nations in 1947.Mordekhai Bentov (1900-1985) - Hashomer Hatzair leader, Mapam leader, and a member of the political committee representing the yishuv in the United Nations (1947-48). He was Minister of Labor and Reconstruction in the provisional government (1948), Knesset member (1949-65), Minister of Development (1955-61) and Minister of Housing (1966-69). Yitzhak Ben-Zvi (1884-1963) - yishuv leader, Knesset member (1949-52) and second President of Israel (1952-63). He was a founder and leader of the Zionist socialist movement, of the pioneering Zionist labor movement and of Jewish self-defense, and made important contributions to the historiography of Eretz Israel and of ancient and remote Jewish communities. Eliyahu Meir Berligne (1866-1959) - yishuv leader, a member of the General Zionists, and a founder of Tel Aviv, serving on its first administrative committee. He was the treasurer of the Va'ad Leumi (1920-48). Perez (Fritz) Bernstein (1890-1971) - General Zionist leader. He was chairman of the Union of General Zionists, member of the Jewish Agency Executive (1946-48), Minister of Commerce and Industry in the provisional government, member of Knesset (1949-65), Minister of Commerce and Industry (1952-55) and president of the Liberal Party (1961-1964). Rachel Cohen (1888-1982) - WIZO activist and Knesset member (1949-51). She was one of the founders of the Federation of Hebrew Women, head of the Va'ad Leumi's Social Welfare Department, chairman of the Israel Federation of WIZO and vice chairman of the World WIZO Executive. Eliyahu Dobkin (1898-1976) - labor Zionist leader. He headed the Jewish Agency's Immigration Department during World War II, dealing with the rescue of Jews from Europe and illegal immigration, was a member of the Jewish Agency Executive (1946-48), head of the Jewish Agency's Youth and Hehalutz Department (1951-68), and chairman of Keren Hayesod (1951-62). Rabbi Wolf Gold (1889-1956) - rabbi and religious Zionist leader. He engaged in educational and communal activities in many Jewish communities in the US and, in various positions of authority in the Jewish Agency, he did much for the establishment of educational institutions in the Diaspora. Meir Grabovsky (Argov) (1905-1963) - labor Zionist leader and Knesset member (1949-63). He was secretary-general of the World Zionist Labor Movement and chairman of the Tel Aviv Labor Exchange. Abraham Granott (Granovsky) (1890-1962) - economist and co-founder and chairman of the Progressive Party. He served as the managing director, chairman of the board and president of the JNF, and a Knesset member (1949-51). His plan for a joint land authority of the JNF and the State of Israel served as the basis for land legislation passed by the Knesset in 1960. Yitzhak Gruenbaum (1879-1970) - leader of a faction of General Zionism and a member of the Polish parliament between the two world wars. He was Minister of the Interior in the Provisional Government, and the first elections to the Knesset were organized under his guidance. Rabbi Kalman Kahana (1910-1991) - a leader of the Po'alei Agudat Israel movement. He was a founding member of Kibbutz Hafetz Haim, a member of Knesset (1949-81), and Deputy Minister of Education (1962-69).

			Eliezer Kaplan (1891-1952) - labor leader. He was a member of the Hapoel Hatzair and Mapai central committees, a secretary of the Histadrut Executive, a member of the Jewish Agency Executive and its treasurer. He directed the financial affairs of the Provisional Government and was Israel's first Minister of Finance (1949-52). He laid the foundations for Israel's economic policy and shaped its first budgets and its taxation structure.Sa'adia Kobashi - member of the Provisional Council of State, leader of the Yemenite community. Moshe Kol (Kolodny) (1911-89) - Zionist leader. He was a member of the Jewish Agency Executive, head of the Youth Aliya Department (1948-64), and, in 1948, a founder and leader of the Progressive Party, which joined the Liberal Party. Later he became leader of the Liberal Party. He was a Knesset member (1951-55, 59-73), Minister of Tourism and Development (1966-69) and Minister of Tourism (1969-77). Rabbi Yitzhak Meir Levin (1894-1971) - a leader of the Agudat Israel movement. He was active in rescue operations from Europe during the war and led Agudat Israel in Palestine from 1947. He was a member of Knesset (1949-71) and Minister of Social Welfare (1949-52). Meir David Loewenstein (1904-1995) - rabbi and leader of the Agudat Israel movement. He was a member of the Provisional Council of State and member of Knesset (1949-51). Zvi Lurie (1906-1968) - Mapam labor leader. He was secretary of the world leadership of Hashomer Hatzair (1935-37), member of the Va'ad Leumi (1941-48) and member of the Va'ad Leumi Executive as Information Department Director. After the establishment of the state, he filled various Jewish Agency positions. Rabbi Yehudah Leib Maimon (Fishman) (1875-1962) - rabbi and leader of religious Zionism. Together with Rabbi Kook, he established the chief rabbinate of Palestine, and he formulated the rabbinate's constitution. He was a member of Knesset (1949-51), Minister of Religious Affairs and Minister in charge of war casualties in the Provisional Government and Minister of Religious Affairs (1949-51). Golda Meir (Myerson) (1898-1978) - Prime Minister and labor leader. She served as acting head and later head of the Political Department of the Jewish Agency. She was a Knesset member (1949-74), ambassador to Moscow (1948-49), Minister of Labor (1949-56), Minister of Foreign Affairs (1956-65), secretary-general of Mapai (instrumental in uniting various labor parties to form the New Labor Party) and Prime Minister (1969-74). Avraham Nissan (Katznelson) (1888-1956) - labor politician and diplomat. He served as director of the Health Department of the Zionist Executive and a member of the Va'ad Leumi (1931-48), as well as a member of the central committee of Hashomer Hatzair and Mapai. Nahum Nir-Rafalkes (1884-1968) - lawyer, labor leader and second speaker of the Knesset. He led Poalei Zion Left and represented it in the Histadrut and the Va'ad Leumi, and became a member of Mapam when the groups merged. He was deputy chairman of the Provisional Council of State, member of Knesset (1949-1965), deputy speaker and speaker (1959) of the Knesset. David Zvi Pinkas (1895-1952) - Mizrahi leader and politician. He was Mizrahi representative to the Asefat Hanivharim and the Va'ad Leumi, serving as treasurer and director of its Department of Religious Communities and the Rabbinate, a member of Knesset (1949-52) and Minister of Transport (1951-52). Moshe David Remez (1886-1951) - labor leader. He was a leader in Ahdut Ha'avoda and Mapai, headed the Public Works Office of the Histadrut (1921-27) and serving as its secretary-general (1935-45), chairman of the Va'ad Leumi (1944-48), Minister of Transport in the Provisional Government, member of Knesset (1949-51) and Minister of Education (1950-51). Berl Repetur (1902-1989) - labor leader and member of Knesset (1949-51). He was a member of the Histadrut Executive and the Mapam Central Committee and secretary of the labor exchange of the General Federation of Jewish Labor. Pinhas Rosen (Felix Rosenblueth) (1887-1978) - lawyer, Zionist leader. He was a member of the Asefat Hanivharim and a cofounder of the Progressive Party in 1948, a member of Knesset (1949-68) and Minister of Justice (1949-50, 1952-61). He was instrumental in organizing the judicial and legal system of Israel. Zvi Segal (1901-1965) - Revisionist activist and industrialist. He was vice president of the Revisionist movement in Palestine (1940-48) and a member of the finance committee of the Provisional Council of State.

			Moshe (Hayyim) Shapira (1902-1970) - politician and leader of the National Religious Party. He was a member of the Jewish Agency Executive, as head of the Immigration Department, and played an important role in preventing conflicts between the Haganah and Etzel. He was a member of the provisional government, a member of Knesset (1949-1970), Minister of Immigration (1949-50), Health (1949), the Interior (1949-52 and 1959-70), Religious Affairs (1952-58) and Social Welfare (1952-55).Mordechai Shattner - industrialist and member of the Provisional Council of State. Moshe Sharett (Shertok) (1894-1965) - statesman and Zionist leader. He was head of the political department of the Jewish Agency (1933-48), member of the provisional government, member of Knesset (1949-56), first Minister of Foreign Affairs (1949-56) and Prime Minister (1954-55). He developed the methods and the machinery of Israel's diplomacy, forming the nucleus of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs' staff. He built a worldwide system of international ties for Israel and was the first to foresee that Israel could play a role among the developing nations. Behor Shalom Shitrit (1895-1967) - Sephardi leader and Minister of Police. He was commander of the police in lower Galilee and magistrate in various towns under the British mandatory administration. He served as a member of Knesset (1949-67), as Minister of Police and Minorities in the provisional government and Minister of Police (1949-66), in this capacity organizing and developing the Israel Police. Ben-Zion Sternberg (1894-1962) - member of the Provisional Council of State and director of the Investment Center at the Ministry of Industry and Trade. Herzl Vardi (Rosenblum) (1903-1991) - journalist and Revisionist activist. He was a delegate to various Zionist congresses, a member of the board of Haboker and editor of the Yediot Achronot daily newspaper (1949-86). Meir Vilner-Kovner (1918-2003) - Communist Party activist and member of Knesset (1949-81). He was a member of the Provisional Council of State and secretary of the Israel Communist Party. Zerah Warhaftig (1906-2002) - lawyer and leader of the National Religious Party. He was a member of the Va'ad Leumi and a member of the Provisional Council of State, a member of Knesset (1949-81) and Minister of Religious Affairs (1961-70). Aharon Zisling (1901-1964) - labor leader. He was among the founders of Youth Aliya and as a member of the Haganah command, participated in the founding of the Palmach. He was a delegate to the Asefat Hanivharim, a co-founder of the Kofer Hayishuv, Minister of Agriculture of the Provisional Government (1948-49) and member of the first Knesset (1949-1951).

			Interviews with Signatories of the DeclarationMeir Vilner by Dan Izenberg Meir Vilner, who represented the Communist Party on the fateful day of May 14, 1948, says that "the word 'historic,' which I don't usually like to use, is appropriate to describe the signing. I was moved by the event," he adds. "It fulfilled the aims of the Communist Party by eliminating the British colony and establishing one of the two independent states which were meant to replace it." Not that he regarded the Declaration as sacrosanct, then or now. "No one agreed with every sentence of the preamble," he maintains. "For example, most of us didn't particularly want to include the term 'Rock of Israel.' Had I drafted the document, it would have read differently. But the bottom line was the end of the Mandate, the removal of the British army and the establishment of two independent states. That's what I signed." Vilner saw the document for the first time a few days before the signing, when it was presented to the Provisional Council of State at a secret meeting in Tel Aviv. Vilner, at 29, was the youngest person to sign the Declaration. And even though he represented the party of the proletariat, he wore a tie. Indeed, the only male signers who did not wear ties were the three representatives of the kibbutz movement. After Ben-Gurion had affixed his signature to the Declaration, the other signers were summoned to the podium in alphabetical order. Six of them - including Zerah Warhaftig, the other surviving signer - could not get to Tel Aviv from blockaded Jerusalem. "Between the name of the person who signed the Declaration before me and mine, there is a space," remarks Vilner. "There has been a lot of political speculation over the years about the reason for that space. The truth is that it had been reserved for Warhaftig. In the end, Warhaftig signed at the top of the next column." Then, as today, Vilner did not share the Zionist view that the State of Israel was the solution to the problem of anti-Semitism in the post-Enlightenment era. "We did not see the gathering of the exiles in Palestine, the Land of Israel, as a solution. Had the Nazis reached Palestine, they would have destroyed everything. We saw the only basic solution in the establishment of Socialist regimes which would prevent anti-Semitism in every country." As far as Vilner is concerned, there is no Jewish nation. "There are Jewish national minorities in each country, and the struggle for equality must be waged in each one of these countries," he says. Vilner's opinions had undergone a drastic change before reaching this point. During his early high school years, he was a Zionist. Vilner, whose original name was Ber Kovner, was born in Vilna in October 1918. His father sent the boy to a Hebrew-speaking school only because a neighbor's child had enrolled there and walked him to class. That twist of fate determined his life. Vilner became proficient in Hebrew. He also joined the left-wing Zionist Hashomer Hatza'ir movement together with two classmates. During the mid-30s, the three classmates led the Hashomer Hatza'ir movement in Vilna and the surrounding areas and were in charge of about 600 members. But two events changed Vilner's political orientation. First was the movement's decision not to fight for workers' rights in the Diaspora on the grounds that every member of the movement would immigrate to Palestine within a few years. Second was the movement's refusal to work to protect Jews together with the Communist movement, which was banned in Poland. "The decisions shocked me," recalls Vilner. "I couldn't understand how a Socialist organization would not help its own working members or why the movement would reject the help offered by a legitimate organization to fight anti-Semitism. After a few weeks, I decided to leave Hashomer Hatza'ir and, at the same time, leave Zionism altogether. For the next two years I read everything I could get my hands on. I wanted to know what was right. I spent two years searching for the truth." In 1938, when Vilner left Vilna after an anti-Semitic incident, he chose Palestine as his destination, although he had a large family in the United States. "I wavered a lot," explains Vilner. "What made up my mind was the fact that I knew Hebrew but didn't know English." And then, in his only hint at an emotional connection, Vilner adds, "furthermore, despite all that had happened, I wanted to see what life was like in Palestine, after having heard so much about it." Vilner arrived in 1938 and immediately enrolled at the Hebrew University. Two years later, he joined the Communist Party and was elected to Israel's first Kneset as a member of the Israel Communist Party. He headed the party for most of the period between 1965 and 1990, when he retired. Over the years, the Israel Communist Party had its ups and downs. Its initiatives in the Knesset plenum were often opposed on principle, although, Vilner reveals, many members of Knesset, including some from the right, informally consulted with him and wanted to hear his opinions. The party's influence expanded significantly between 1992 and 1996, when the Democratic List for Peace and Equality - not a coalition member - contributed to the Labor-led government's blocking majority in the Knesset. Today, Vilner says that after being a "voice in the wilderness" for so many years, he is pleased to know that Israel has accepted the Communist position by recognizing the PLO. "I am certain," declares Vilner, "that just as the people of Israel recognized the justness of that position, they will one day acknowledge that there is only one solution which will lead to a true and just peace and an end to bloodshed. At the heart of this solution is the establishment of an independent Palestinian state... and peace with Syria and Lebanon..."

			Dr. Zerah Warhaftig by Wendy Elliman"With a muttered prayer of thanks, I struggled out of the ropes that had tied me into the small open plane, and climbed down on to firm ground. A car was waiting for me on the airstrip. We drove fast, directly from the plane into Tel Aviv, and then negotiated our way through crowded streets to the Prime Minister's office. "Ben Gurion greeted me at the door. A pen in one hand and the Scroll in the other, he wasted no time on greetings, not even offering a 'shalom.' His first word to me was nothing more than a growl: 'Sign!'" It was June 1948, almost three weeks since Israel had proclaimed itself an independent state, and the new country was fighting for its life. Dr. Zerach Warhaftig, his stomach still churning from the nerve-racking plane ride, took the pen from Ben Gurion. With Israel's first Prime Minister standing over him, he added his signature to the others scrawled under the text of the Scroll. "Despite the lack of ceremony, a flood of feelings washed through me," recalls Dr. Warhaftig. "Even though I had helped draw up the declaration of independence and knew its every word, even though I was signing it weeks after the event, nothing could take away the sense of history that engulfed me, the overwhelming knowledge that the Jewish people had returned to their homeland after 2,000 bitter years of exile." Zerach Warhaftig was then 42 years old. Born in Poland, he had survived the Holocaust and managed to reach the United States. Well-known in both North America and Europe as a Zionist thinker and writer, he had been elected to the Zionist National Council (Va'ad Leumi) early in 1947, even though he was then still living in the US. "We waited until my wife gave birth to our second child, and then moved to Palestine," he says. "That was in August 1947. I settled my family in Jerusalem, where we had relatives, but my work was in Tel Aviv. I'd been appointed to the National Council's legal staff. Our work was nothing less than designing the legislative and executive framework for a Jewish State that we knew was no longer far off. We worked long days and sometimes nights, preparing a constitution for the new State, deciding on the State's provisional government, drawing up a declaration of independence. We worked, each one of us, with an exhilarating sense of history that energized us through those long and pressured weeks." The week of Pesach (Passover) 1948, however, Dr. Warhaftig decided to spend with his family. "Jerusalem had been under siege for over a month by then," he remembers, "and it was a hard and risky journey up to the city. I traveled in a long armored convoy. We came under fierce attack as we neared the city, and, as I remember, about 20 vehicles were destroyed on that journey. I was lucky enough to make it safely to my wife and children."And that was where he stayed. The stranglehold of siege tightened around Jerusalem. Pesach came and went, but no one entered the city or left it. April gave way to May. On that fateful May 14, 1948, when the British pulled out of Palestine, when David Ben Gurion declared an independent State of Israel, and when the new State's leaders solemnly signed their newborn nation's Declaration of Establishment - Dr. Warhaftig remained trapped in Jerusalem, until Ben Gurion sent the small plane to get him out and back to work. "I'd helped draw up Israel's basic laws and helped design the relationship between state and religion," recounts Dr. Warhaftig. "For the next 26 years I served my country - first as a Member of Knesset for the National Religious Party, then as a deputy minister and during the last decade as a full minister, for the most part of Religious Affairs. I wouldn't say I shaped the State, but I influenced it in some ways. I was instrumental in some of what happened, especially in the area of legislation. "More and more, however, the State took on a life of its own. "Our country achieved things I'd never anticipated," says Dr. Warhaftig. "Although I'd come out of the European and North American Diasporas, I never predicted so vast an aliya to Israel. We grew from 600,000 people to over 5,000,000 in just 50 years. Nor did I expect the small embattled nation of 1948 to become the greatest military force in the Middle East. Another thing I never dreamed was that we would become an industrial nation, producing billions of dollars worth of exports every year. And I certainly never foresaw we would grow into an agrotechnological superpower, with people coming from all over the world to learn from us." But there were also hopes and dreams that 50 years of statehood have not - or not yet - fulfilled, he continues. "I hoped so desperately for peace," he says. "And I hoped, too, that we would be a moral and ethical people par excellence, truly a Chosen People. If I had the power to change the past, I would make the greatest changes in the educational system we built in Israel. Most of us who designed the way we taught and still teach children in Israel came out of the Diaspora, where education was of different kind. For our new State, for Israel, we needed something novel, something special." And for the future? Ninety-one-year old Dr. Warhaftig is optimistic. "Optimism is part of my nature," he says. "Any religious man, any believer, is surely an optimist. People like us not only hope, we also believe that things will go on getting better."

PALAGAN AMBARAWA

1.     Pendahuluan. Kekalahan Jepang yang sangat dramatis pada Perang Dunia II dengan dijatuhkannya bom atom di Hiroshima tanggal 6 Agustus 1945 dan Nagasaki tanggal 9 Agustus 1945 menyebabkan Jepang menyerah tanpa syarat kepada sekutu pada tanggal 14 Agustus 1945. Kondisi ini mengakibatkan adanya kekosongan kekuasaan di Indonesia Sehingga pada saat yang sangat tepat bangsa Indonesia memproklamirkan kemerdekaannya. Proklamasi kemerdekaan yang ditandatangani Soekarno – Hatta pada tanggal 17 Agustus 1945 memungkinkan terbentuknya infrastruktur pemerintahan  Republik Indonesia. Dalam bidang keamanan dan pertahanan Negara pada tanggal 5 Oktober 1945 dibentuklah TKR (Tentara Keamanan Rakyat) dengan pangkat Kolonel Soedirman memimpin Divisi V untuk wilayah karesidenan Banyumas dan Kedu.

Pada tanggal 20 Oktober 1945 tentara Sekutu mendarat di Semarang di bawah pimpinan Brigadir Jenderal Bethel. Kedatangan mereka mengemban misi untuk mengurus tawanan  perang dan tentara Jepang yang berada di Jawa Tengah. Namun rakyat tetap waspada karena kedatangan mereka diboncengi NICA ( Netherlands Indische Civil Administration).

Setelah mendapat persetujuan dari Gubernur Jawa tengah Mr. Wongsosonegoro untuk melaksanakan misinya dengan catatan tidak mengganggu kedaulatan RI, maka tentara sekutu kemudian bergerak masuk ke Magelang dan Ambarawa.

2. Pertempuran Awal. Dalam melaksanakan misinya ternyata tentara Sekutu melampaui batas kewenangannya sehingga mengganggu kedaulatan Negara Republik Indonesia. Mereka membebaskan dan mempersenjatai para bekas tawanan perang Belanda dan bertindak sewenang – wenang terhadap rakyat, sehingga menimbulkan amarah rakyat Indonesia. Insiden bersenjatapun timbul di kota Magelang hingga menjadi pertempuran.

        Di Magelang tentara Sekutu bertindak sebagai penguasa yang mencoba melucuti TKR dan membuat kekacauan. TKR Resimen Magelang di bawah pimpinan Letnan Kolonel M. Sarbini membalas tindakan tersebut dengan mengepung tentara sekutu dari segala penjuru. Suasana yang panas ini kemudian berhasil diredam oleh Presiden Soekarno, dan kemudian secara diam-diam tentara sekutu tanggal 21 Nopember 1945 meninggalkan kedudukannya di Magelang untuk mundur ke Ambarawa.

Akibat peristiwa tersebut, Letnan Kolonel  M. Sarbini  segera mengadakan pengejaran terhadap mereka. Gerakan mundur tentara Sekutu tertahan di desa Jambu karena dihadang oleh pasukan Angkatan Muda Republik Indonesia (AMRI) di bawah pimpinan Oni Sastrodiharjo yang oleh pasukan gabungan dari Ambarawa, Suruh dan Surakarta. Tentara Sekutu kemudian dihadang kembali oleh Batalyon I Suryosumpeno di Ngipik.

        Pada saat pengunduran tersebut, tentara Sekutu mencoba menduduki dua desa di sekitar Ambarawa. TKR Resimen 18 di bawah Letnan Kolonel Isdiman berusaha membebaskan kedua desa tersebut. Dalam suatu pertempuran  yang terjadi di desa Kelurahan tanggal 27 Nopember 1945  Letnan Kolonel Isdiman Gugur.

Gugurnya Letnan Kolonel Isdiman, mengharuskan  Kolonel Soedirman Komandan Divisi V turun ke medan laga Koordinasi secara intensif terus dilaksanakan diantara komando-komando sektor dan pengepungan terhadap musuh  semakin diperketat. Sejak saat itu perlawanan terhadap sekutu  mulai terkonsentrasi di bawah satu komando Soedirman.

Untuk menghadapi tentara sekutu yang lebih Superior maka Kolonel Soedirman kemudian menyusun rencana untuk  mengadakan serangan umum merebut Ambarawa  merealisasikan rencana tersebut, tanggal 11 Desember 1945 malam hari para komandan sektor baik dari kesatuan TKR maupun kelaskaran dipanggil untuk membicarakan serangan yang akan digelar.

3. Pertempuran yang menentukan. Tanggal 11 Desember 1945 malam hari, di sebuah rumah penduduk desa kelurahan Ambarawa, para komandan sektor pertempuran dan komandan kelaskaran berkumpul. Mereka mendengarkan instruksi dari Komandan Divisi V Kolonel Soedirman tentang rencana serangan yang akan digelar. Instruksi itu sebagai berikut :

“Ambarawa harus kita rebut dengan serangan serentak Karena Ambarawa merupakan kunci bagi mereka untuk menguasai seluruh Jawa tengah dan Jogjakarta. Ini akan membahayakan posisi Republik. Kita akui  terus terang bahwa kita kurang kuat dalam persenjataan kita. Tetapi keadaan semacam ini tidak menghambat kita, atau mengurangi hasrat kita untuk mempertahankan negara kita. Kami sudah menentukan suatu siasat, yaitu pendadakan serentak dengan taktik Mangkara Yudha atau Supit Urang.Komandan penyerangan dipegang oleh komandan sektor TKR. Pasukan pasukan dari badan perjuangan    sebagai barisan belakang. Serangan dimulai besok pagi pukul 04.30. Selamat berjuang, Allah SWT bersama kita, Amin. Merdeka ! ".

        Taktik Mangkara Yudha atau Supit Urang  merupakan tata yudha klasik yang pernah digelar pada jaman Majapahit, kemudian digelar kembali oleh Kolonel Soedirman untuk mengusir Sekutu dari Ambarawa.

        Tanggal 12 Desember 1945 pukul 04.30 letusan karaben mitralyurpun menyalak memecah keheningan mengisyaratkan serangan umum pembebasan Ambarawa sudah dimulai. Pertempuran yang dipimpin  langsung  Kolonel Soedirman itupun kemudian berlangsung dengan sangat sengitnya.

        Prajurit-prajurit kita yang gagah perkasa terus maju dari segenap penjuru, bagai banteng ketaton patriot-patriot itu terus menyerbu menerkam musuh, menggagahi tank-tank dan ranjau-ranjau sambil menembus hujan peluru senjata musuh dengan tekad  bulat “Rawe-rawe rantas malang –malang putung "membebaskan kota Ambarawa atau gugur sebagai bangsa.

        Pasukan-pasukan yang mendapat perintah menguasai  jalan besar Ambarawa – Semarang telah berhasil melaksanakan tugasnya dengan baik. Jalan itupun kemudian dipertahankan agar pengepungan atas musuh dalam kota Ambarawa dapat dilaksanakan dengan sempurna. Pasukan – pasukan itupun kemudian memasang barikade – barikade serta menerjang setiap konvoi musuh yang pergi dan datang dari arah Ambarawa - Semarang.

        Satu setengah jam dari awal penyerbuan, pasukan – pasukan kita sudah berhasil menghimpit dan mengepung musuh di dalam kota Ambarawa. Bagi Sekutu ( Inggris ) hanya tinggal satu jalan ke luar, yaitu jalan besar Ambarawa – Semarang. Pergelaran serangan umum di Ambarawa itu berupa pendobrakan oleh pasukan-pasukan pemukul dari arah selatan dan barat ke timur menuju ke arah Semarang. Bersamaan dengan pendobrakan tersebut, diikuti gerakan penjepitan dari lambung kanan dan kiri sebagaimana halnya gerakan "Supit Urang " sedang menjepit mangsanya yang ujung – ujungnya bertemu di bagian luar kota arah Semarang.

        Empat hari empat malam serangan yang heroik itu berlangsung, menggempita di seluruh kota Ambarawa. Desing peluru dan gema ledakan serta asap mesiu terus mewarnai udara Ambarawa sepanjang waktu. Semangat bertempur pasukan-pasukan kita terus bertambah berkat keberhasilan – keberhasilan yang telah dicapai, sebaliknya moril musuh semakin menipis, Persediaan amunisi mereka semakin menipis, bantuan yang mereka harapkan tak kunjung tiba karena jalur perhubungan lewat darat maupun udara terputus. Semakin hari mereka dicekam  oleh rasa panik dan putus asa.

        Setelah beberapa waktu lamanya mereka berada  di front pertempuran, akhirnya mereka sampai kepada keputusan harus meninggalkan Ambarawa, merekapun kemudian mengadakan persiapan untuk menerobos pasukan TKR untuk menuju ke Semarang. Pada tanggal 15 Desember 1945 dengan tergopoh-gopoh tentara sekutu mundur ke luar kota Ambarawa tanpa sempat menyelamatkan mayat-mayat serdadunya. Mereka dilabrak terus  dan diusir oleh pasukan pemukul kita sampai ke luar kota Ambarawa

4. Penutup. Peristiwa palagan Ambarawa merupakan peristiwa penting karena merupakan peristiwa pertempuran yang pertama kali dimenangkan bangsa Indonesia setelah kemerdekaan. Peristiwa tersebut menjadi momentum bersejarah dalam  pergelaran militer dengan gerak taktik pasukan darat. Kemenangan yang gemilang dalam palagan Ambarawa tersebut, selanjutnya setiap tanggal 15 Desember diperingati sebagai Hari Infanteri dan berdasarkan Keputusan Presiden RI Nomor 163  tahun 1999 diabadikan menjadi " Hari Juang Kartika ".

Pidato Bung Tomo pada Peristiwa 10 November 1945

 

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Menyambut Hari Pahlawan tanggal 10 November, ada baik nya kita lihat bagimana pidato dari seorang Bung Tomo yang membakar semangat rakyat Surabaya untuk mengangkat senjata melawan tentara Inggris.

Berikut pidato dari Bung Tomo:

BismillahirrahmanirrahimMerdeka!!!

Saoedara-saoedara ra’jat djelata di seloeroeh Indonesia,teroetama, saoedara-saoedara pendoedoek kota SoerabajaKita semoeanja telah mengetahoei bahwa hari ini tentara Inggris telah menjebarkan pamflet-pamflet jang memberikan soeatoe antjaman kepada kita semoea.Kita diwadjibkan oentoek dalam waktoe jang mereka tentoekan, menjerahkan sendjata-sendjata jang kita reboet dari tentara djepang.

Mereka telah minta supaja kita datang pada mereka itoe dengan mengangkat tangan.Mereka telah minta supaja kita semoea datang kepada mereka itoe dengan membawa bendera poetih tanda menjerah kepada mereka.

Saoedara-saoedara,didalam pertempoeran-pertempoeran jang lampaoe, kita sekalian telah menundjukkan bahwara’jat Indonesia di Soerabajapemoeda-pemoeda jang berasal dari Maloekoe,pemoeda-pemoeda jang berasal dari Soelawesi,pemoeda-pemoeda jang berasal dari Poelaoe Bali,pemoeda-pemoeda jang berasal dari Kalimantan,pemoeda-pemoeda dari seloeroeh Soematera,pemoeda Atjeh, pemoeda Tapanoeli & seloeroeh pemoeda Indonesia jang ada di Soerabaja ini,

didalam pasoekan-pasoekan mereka masing-masing dengan pasoekan-pasoekan ra’jat jang dibentuk di kampoeng-kampoeng,telah menoenjoekkan satoe pertahanan jang tidak bisa didjebol,telah menoenjoekkan satoe kekoeatan sehingga mereka itoe terdjepit di mana-mana

Hanja karena taktik jang litjik daripada mereka itoe, saoedara-saoedaraDengan mendatangkan presiden & pemimpin-pemimpin lainnja ke Soerabaja ini, maka kita toendoek oentoek menghentikan pertempoeran.Tetapi pada masa itoe mereka telah memperkoeat diri, dan setelah koeat sekarang inilah keadaannja.

Saoedara-saoedara, kita semuanja, kita bangsa Indonesia jang ada di Soerabaja ini akan menerima tantangan tentara Inggris ini.Dan kalaoe pimpinan tentara Inggris jang ada di Soerabaja ingin mendengarkan djawaban ra’jat Indonesia,ingin mendengarkan djawaban seloeroeh pemoeda Indonesia jang ada di Soerabaja iniDengarkanlah ini hai tentara Inggris,ini djawaban ra’jat Soerabajaini djawaban pemoeda Indonesia kepada kaoe sekalian

Hai tentara Inggris!,kaoe menghendaki bahwa kita ini akan membawa bendera poetih takloek kepadamoe,menjuruh kita mengangkat tangan datang kepadamoe,kaoe menjoeroeh kita membawa sendjata-sendjata jang kita rampas dari djepang oentoek diserahkan kepadamoe

Toentoetan itoe walaoepoen kita tahoe bahwa kaoe sekalian akan mengantjam kita oentoek menggempoer kita dengan seloeroeh kekoeatan jang ada,Tetapi inilah djawaban kita:Selama banteng-banteng Indonesia masih mempoenjai darah merah jang dapat membikin setjarik kain poetih mendjadi merah & putih,maka selama itoe tidak akan kita maoe menjerah kepada siapapoen djuga!

Saoedara-saoedara ra’jat Soerabaja,siaplah keadaan gentingtetapi saja peringatkan sekali lagi, djangan moelai menembak,baroe kalaoe kita ditembak, maka kita akan ganti menjerang mereka itu.

Kita toendjoekkan bahwa kita adalah benar-benar orang jang ingin merdeka.Dan oentoek kita, saoedara-saoedara, lebih baik kita hantjur leboer daripada tidak merdeka.Sembojan kita tetap: MERDEKA atau MATI.

Dan kita jakin, saoedara-saoedara,pada akhirnja pastilah kemenangan akan djatuh ke tangan kitasebab Allah selaloe berada di pihak jang benarpertjajalah saoedara-saoedara,Toehan akan melindungi kita sekalian

Allahu Akbar..! Allahu Akbar..! Allahu Akbar…!

MERDEKA!!!

Bung Tomo dan Pertempuran Surabaya November 1945

Posted in Indonesia by budiwiyono on August 12, 2009

Tertarik dengan quote rekan Handojo Soetanto :

Selama banteng-banteng Indonesia masih mempoenjai darah merah jang dapat membikin setjarik kain poetih mendjadi merah & putih, maka selama itoe tidak akan kita maoe menjerah kepada siapapoen djuga! (pidato Bung Tomo)

Berikut saya sarikan siapa Bung Tomo dan cuplikan seperti apa yang dihadapai pasukan Indonesia pada Pertempuran Surabaya.

Bung Tomo Lead pertempuran yang menyebabkan tewasnya Jenderal Sekutu. Setelah Brigadir Jenderal Mallaby tewas, disusul oleh tewasnya Mayor Jenderal Mansergh. Jenderal Mansergh dengan pasukan kelas top dari Divisi 5 yang top. Dia yang ngutus Divisi 5 tsb ke Surabaya. Divisi 5 tsb punya reputasi bagus, Divisi 5 ini sangat terkenal mengalahkan pasukan Marsekal Rommel, perwira Jerman yang legendaris …

Setelah Letnan Jenderal Sir Phillip Christison mengeluarkan ancamannya, dalam waktu singkat Inggris menambah kekuatan mereka di Surabaya dalam jumlah sangat besar, mobilisasi militer Inggris terbesar setelah Perang Dunia II usai. Pada 1 November, Laksamana Muda Sir. W. Patterson, berangkat dari Jakarta dengan HMS Sussex dan  mendaratkan 1.500 Marinir di Surabaya. Mayor Jenderal Mansergh, Panglima 5th British-Indian Division, berangkat dari Malaysia memimpin pasukannya dan tiba di Surabaya tanggal 3 November 1945. Masuknya pasukan Divisi 5 yang berjumlah 24.000 tentara secara berangsur-angsur, sangat dirahasiakan. Divisi 5 ini sangat terkenal karena ikut dalam pertempuran di El Alamein, di mana pasukan Marsekal Rommel, perwira Jerman yang legendaris dikalahkan. Mansergh juga diperkuat dengan sisa pasukan Brigade 49 dari Divisi 23, kini di bawah pimpinan Kolonel Pugh, yang menggantikan Mallaby.

Mobilisasi militer Inggris terbesar setelah Perang Dunia II usai…

Bayangkan waktu itu yang di hadapi bung Tomo dkk adalah pasukan top Inggris. … 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Surabaya:

Combatants

Initially British troops were 6,000-strong lightly-armed Indian soldiers from 49th Infantry Brigade of the 23rd Indian Division. When the battle reached its peak, British sent additional troops which consisted of 24,000 fully-armed soldiers from the 5th Indian Division, 24 Sherman tanks, 24 armed aircraft, 2 cruisers and 3 destroyers.[1]

Indonesian forces consisted of 20,000 soldiers from the newly-formed Tentara Keamanan Rakyat (TKR; People’s Security Troops) and estimated 100,000-120,000 irregulars. TKR was formed by the former members of Peta, a semi-military organization during Japanese occupation. The irregulars consisted of pro-Independence mob, armed with rifles, swords, and spears. Some of their weapons were taken from the demoralized Japanese troops. [3]

Sbg perbandingan, saat Jepang/Yamashita menyerbu Malaysia dan Singapura, tentara Inggris di situ, kekuatannya 100ribu lebih, dibabat oleh pasukan Jepang dengan hanya 30rb pasukan (pasukan native Inggris).

Jadi lawan Bung Tomo tsb adalah:

• Divisi 5 yang mengalahkan Pasukan Jerman (yang di Lead Marsekal Rommel) di Africa dan
• Divisi 23 yang sukses di Burma melawan Pasukan Jepang.

Menurut Woodburn Kirby, korban di pihak tentara Inggris dari tanggal 10 sampai 22 November 1945 di Jawa tercatat 608 orang yang tewas, hilang atau luka-luka, dengan rincian sebagai berikut:

• tewas  : 11 perwira dan 87 prajurit.
• hilang  : 14 perwira dan 183 prajurit.

Hampir semua adalah korban pertempuran di Surabaya. Namun diduga, korban di pihak Inggris sebenarnya lebih tinggi, karena menurut Anthony James-Brett, korban di pihak Inggris dalam pertempuran tanggal 28 – 30 Oktober saja sudah mencapai 392 orang, yang tewas, luka-luka atau hilang (18 perwira dan 374 prajurit). Diperkirakan korban di pihak Inggris dalam pertempuran dari tanggal 28 Oktober – 28 November 1945 mencapai 1.500 orang yang tewas, luka-luka dan hilang.

Pihak Indonesia menyebut, bahwa sekitar 300 tentara Inggris asal India/Pakistan melakukan desersi dan bergabung dengan pihak Republik Indonesia.

Dapat dikatakan secara singkat di sini, alasan psikologis-emosional tersebut adalah:

• Sekutu/Inggris sebagai super power pemenang Perang Dunia II, telah dipermalukan dengan terpaksa mengibarkan bendera putih, serta terancam akan hancur total;
• Sekutu/Inggris sebagai tentara yang tangguh sangat dipermalukan, karena yang tewas adalah komandan brigade, seorang perwira tinggi;

Hebat bukan ? Monggo silakan dikomentari…

Source: berbagai sumber.

Pertempuran Surabaya, 10 November 1945

http://umum.kompasiana.com/2009/11/23/pertempuran-surabaya-10-november-1945/

OPINI | 23 November 2009 | 17:476362 

“Tidak ada pertempuran yang dilancarkan Republik yang dapat disebandingkan dengan pertempuran Surabaya itu, baik dalam keberanian maupun kegigihannya” (David Welch dalam Birth of Indonesia, hal. 67)

23 September 1945

Kapten Huijer dari Angkatan Laut Belanda adalah wakil sekutu pertama yang menjejakan kakinya di Surabaya untuk melakukan pemeriksaan pendahuluan dan ini mengindikasikan bahwa Belanda-lah yang akan mempelopori pengambil-alihan Surabaya dari Jepang setelah ‘kesalahan-kesalahan’ pasukan Inggris ketika mengambil alih Semarang.

28 September 1945

Huijer mendatangi markas Laksamana Madya Yaichiro Shibata, pimpinan tertinggi pasukan Jepang di Surabaya, agar melimpahkan seluruh kekuasaannya termasuk senjata yang berada di bawah komando dirinya kepada Huijer. Namun demikian sebagaimana sikap kaigun yang lain (seperti Laksamana Maeda di Jakarta), Shibata sangat simpati dengan perjuangan kemerdekaan Indonesia oleh karena itu ia menyerahkan senjata kepada Komite Nasional Indonesia Surabaya (KNI-Surabaya) yang dipimpin oleh Soedirman dan Doel Arnowo. KNI-Surabaya sendiri berjanji akan menyerahkannya kepada sekutu pada waktunya.

Tetapi KNI-Surabaya tidak memiliki kemampuan untuk mengelola persenjataan bekas tentara angkatan laut Jepang sehingga mereka menyerahkannya ke Badan Keamanan Rakyat (BKR), kelompok-kelompok pemuda, pasukan-pasukan polisi dan bahkan milisi/laskar yang masih belum terorganisir dengan baik.

1 Oktober 1945

Terjadi perkelahian diantara pemuda-pemuda Indonesia dan Belanda yang dengan cepat berubah menjadi aksi massa di seluruh kota. Mereka menyerang lapangan udara Morokrembangan dan kamp interniran yang terletak di daerah pemukiman Darmo. Sementara itu markas Kempetai dan Angkatan Darat Jepang dikepung oleh sejumlah laskar yang bersenjatakan apa adanya, dari bambu runcing hingga ke senapan mesin.

4 Oktober 1945

Surabaya telah menjadi kamp bersenjata yang seluruhnya dalam tangan Indonesia. Semua penjara dibuka dan penghuni-penghuninya, apakah mereka ditahan atas tuduhan politik atau pidana telah bergabung ke dalam massa yang berkerumun di dalam kota itu. Pada hari itu juga Shibata memberitahukan kepada bawahannya bahwa Huijer-lah yang bertanggung jawab atas keamanan kota tersebut.

8 Oktober 1945

Gubernur, TKR dan polisi berangsur-angsur kehilangan kekuasaannya, yang kemudian seluruhnya terseret menjadi ‘anarki’. Rasa permusuhan terhadap Jepang dan Belanda yang begitu mendalam di kalangan pemuda, menyebabkan mereka melaksanakan pengadilan rakyat yang membabi-buta yaitu dengan menghukum mati para tawanan (Jepang, khususnya) dengan melakukan hukuman mati dengan cara pemenggalan leher.

Kapten Huijer pun menjadi tahanan TKR demi keselamatan dirinya.

12 Oktober 1945

Tiba seorang pemuda dari Jakarta yang bernama Soetomo atau yang kemudian dikenal dengan nama Bung Tomo, seorang wartawan yang bekerja di kantor berita Domei. Ia membawa gagasan mendirikan pemancar radio, yang kemudian diberi nama “Radio Pemberontakan” sebagai sarana untuk menciptakan solidaritas massa dan memperbesar semangat perjuangan pemuda.

13 Oktober 1945

Bung Tomo membentuk Barisan Pemberontakan Republik Indonesia (BPRI), sebagai suatu organisasi yang terpisah dari PRI yang dipimpin oleh Soemarsono. Dan siaran-siaran radio yang dilakukan oleh Bung Tomo tidak hanya berhasil mempengaruhi masyarakat santri yang memang menjadi mayoritas di Jawa Timur dan Madura, namun juga pemimpin-pemimpin “merah” terutama yang berada di dalam PRI.

22 Oktober 1945

Nahdhatul Ulama dari seluruh Jawa dan Madura melangsungkan rapat raksasa di Surabaya yang mana mereka menuntut, “Memohon dengan sangat kepada pemerintah Republik Indonesia soepaja menentukan soeatoe sikap dan tindakan jang njata terhadap tiap2 oesaha jang membahajakan agama dan negara Indonesia, terutama terhadap pihak Belanda dan kaki tangannja” (Antara, 25 Oktober 1945)

25 Oktober 1945

Inggris mendarat di Tanjung Perak Surabya dengan dipimpin oleh Brigadir Jenderal Mallaby yang juga merupakan Panglima Brigade ke-49 dengan tugas utama mengungsikan pasukan Jepang dan para interniran. Brigade ini berjumlah kurang lebih enam ribu pasukan dengan membawa juga pasukan elit Gurkha.

Mallaby sendiri dan wakilnya, Kolonel Pugh, pertama-tama disambut oleh Mustopo, kepala TKR-Surabaya, dan Atmadji, bekas aktivis Gerindo, yang mewakili TKR Angkatan Laut. Setelah mengadakan pembicaraan-pembicaraan dengan Mustopo, Mallaby menegaskan bahwa sekutu tidak akan menyelundupkan di tengah-tengah mereka pasukan Belanda dan NICA (Netherland Indies Civil Administrastion).

26 Oktober 1945

Tanpa data intelejen yang komprehensif tentang kondisi Surabaya dan masyarakatnya yang sedang bergolak, Mallaby mengirim 1 peleton pasukan yang dipimpin oleh Kapten Shaw untuk menyelamatkan Kapten Huijer. Masyarakat Surabaya mulai kehilangan kepercayaan terhadap Mallaby dan pasukannya.

Kondisi diperparah dengan selebaran yang disebarkan melalui udara ke seluruh kota di Surabaya atas perintah Mayor Jenderal Hawthorn, panglima sekutu di Jakarta. Selebaran itu intinya berisi bahwa pihak Indonesia harus menyerahkan seluruh senjata mereka dalam waktu 48 jam. Tuntutan seperti ini akhirnya membatalkan perjanjian yang telah dilakukan oleh Mallaby dan Moestopo.

27 Oktober 1945

Sekutu mulai melakukan agresinya. Pada dasarnya komandan-komandan sekutu masih memandang rendah terhadap kemampuan bangsa Indonesia mempertahankan kemerdekaannya. Apalagi mereka begitu membanggakan brigade 49-nya dengan mendapatkan julukan “The Fighting Cock” selama bertempur melawan Jepang di hutan-hutan Burma.

28 Oktober 1945

Pasukan sekutu mengambil alih lapangan udara Morokrembangan dan beberapa gedung penting seperti kantor jawatan kereta api, pusat telephon dan telegraf, rumah sakit Darmo dna lainnya.

Pertempuran besar pun tak terelakan antara 6000 pasukan Inggris dengan 120.000 tentara dan pemuda Indonesia. Akibat kalah jumlah, Mallaby meminta bantuan Hawthorn agar pihak Indonesia menghetikan pertempuran. Hawthorn pun meminta Soekarno agar mau membujuk panglima-panglimanya di Surabaya menghentikan pertempuran.

Begitu terjepitnya hingga dalam buku Donnison “The Fighting Cock” ditulis “Narrowly escape complete destraction” alias hampir musnah seluruhnya.

29 Oktober 1945

Soekarno, Hatta dan Amir Sjarifoedddin datang ke Surabaya untuk menghentikan pertempuran.

Kemudian setelah membujuk agar tentara dan pemuda menghentikan pertempuran, mereka bertiga ditambah tokoh-tokoh Surabaya seperti Soedirman, Soengkono, Soerjo dan Bung Tomo melakukan perundingan dengan Mallaby dan Hawthorn. Hasil perundingannya adalah tentara sekutu sepakat untuk mundur dari Tanjung Perak dan Darmo, sementara Indonesia setuju mengizinkan interniran lewat secara bebas diantara kedua sektor itu.

Setelah melakukan perundingan, Soekarno, Hatta dan Amir Sjarifoeddin kembali ke Jakarta dengan menggunakan pesawat terbang dan menganggap kekerasan sudah berakhir.

30 Oktober 1945

Sewaktu melakukan patroli, mobil Buick yang sedang ditumpangi Brigjen Mallaby dicegat oleh sekelompok milisi Indonesia ketika akan melewati Jembatan Merah. Karena terjadi salah paham, maka terjadilah tembak menembak yang akhirnya membuat mobil jenderal Inggris itu meledak terkena tembakan. Mobil itu pun hangus.

Kematian Jenderal Inggris itu menjadi titik tolak untuk peristiwa-peristiwa yang lebih dasyat berikutnya. Letnan Jenderal Christinson, komandan Pasukan Sekutu di Hindia Belanda (AFNEI) memberikan peringatan keras terhadap Indonesia. Ia kemudian mengirimkan seluruh Divisi Infanteri ke-5 lengkap dengan peralatan tank ke Surabaya dibawah pimpinan Mayor Jenderal Mansergh. Kekuatannya berjumlah sekitar 15.000 pasukan.

1 November 1945

Kapal perang HMS Sussex muncul di pelabuhan Tanjung Perak Surabaya. Selama minggu berikutnya sekitar 8000 interniran berhasil dipindahkan ke kapal perang.

9 November 1945

Dengan semua para interniran (sandera) berhasil dibawa pulang, Inggris mulai melakukan aksi balas dendamnya atas kematian Mallaby. Seperti yang diceritakan Idrus,

“Sedjak beberapa hari sekoetoe mendaratkan serdadoe2 lebih banyak dan tank-tank raksasa. Tank-tank itu toeroen dari kapal seperti malaikal maut toeroen dari langit; diam2 dan dirahasiakan oleh orang jang menoeroenkannja” (Soerabaja, hal. 137)

Mansergh mengeluarkan ultimatum agar seluruh senjata di Surabaya diserahkan sebelum jam 06.00 keesokan harinya dan supaya orang-orang Indonesia yang bertanggung jawab atas tewasnya Mallaby diserahkan. Ultimatum itu disebarkan melalui udara ke seluruh kota.

Selain itu Mansergh secara eksplisit memperingatkan bahwa semua anak-anak dan wanita harus sudah meninggalkan kota sebelum pukul 19.00 malam itu dan memberikan ancaman hukuman mati bagi setiap orang Indonesia yang membawa senjata sesudah pukul 06.00 pada tanggal 10 November 1945.

Mendengar ultimatum itu para pemimpin Surabaya menelpon Jakarta untuk memperoleh keputusan tingkat nasional mengenai jawaban apa yang harus diberikan terhadap ultimatum Mansergh. Akan tetapi, baik Soekarno maupun Soebardjo (Menteri Luar Negeri) menyerahkan keputusan itu terhadap masyarakat Surabaya.

Jam 6 sore, elemen TKR dan pemuda menandatangani “Soempah Kebulatan Tekad” yang isinya,

Bismillah Hirochmanirrachim

SOEMPAH KEBOELATAN TEKAD

Tetap Merdeka !

Kedaulatan Negara dan Bangsa Indonesia dilaporkan pada tanggal 17 Agustus 1945 akan kami pertahankan dengan soenggoeh-soenggoeh, penoeh tanggoeng djawab, ikhlas berkorban dengan tekad MERDEKA atau MATI !!!

Sekali merdeka tetap merdeka !

Soerabaja, 9 November 1945

Ttd

(1)   TKR Kota

(2)   PRI

(3)   BPRI

(4)   TKR Sidoardjo

(5)   BBI

(6)   TKR Laut

(7)   TKR Peladjar

(8)   P.I.

(9)   BBM (Barisan Berani Mati)

(10) TKR Modjokerto

(11)  TKR Djombang

(12) dll

Dan setelah melakukan diskusi yang cukup panjang dengan seluruh elemen yang ada di Surabaya, pada jam 23.00 malam Gubernur Soerjo mengumumkan melalui radio keputusannya bahwa Surabaya akan melawan sampai titik darah penghabisan.

10 November 1945

Pada pukul 06.00 Inggris memulai serangannya, sementara itu Bung Tomo memanggil seluruh rakyat melawan penyerbu-penyerbu itu. Pemboman besar-besaran dari laut dan udara membinasakan sebagian besar Surabaya. Menjelang senja, Inggris telah menguasai sepertiga kota.

Surat kabar Times di London mengabarkan bahwa kekuatan Inggris terdiri dari 25 ponders, 37 howitser, HMS Sussex dibantu 4 kapal perang destroyer, 12 kapal terbang jenis Mosquito, 15.000 personel dari divisi 5 dan 6000 personel dari brigade 49 The Fighting Cock.

David Welch menggambarkan pertempuran tersebut dalam bukunya, Birth of Indonesia (hal. 66),

“Di pusat kota pertempuran adalah lebih dasyat, jalan-jalan diduduki satu per satu, dari satu pintu ke pintu lainnya. Mayat dari manusia, kuda-kuda, kucing-kucing serta anjing-anjing bergelimangan di selokan-selokan. Gelas-gelas berpecahan, perabot rumah tangga, kawat-kawat telephon bergelantungan di jalan-jalan dan suara pertempuran menggema di tengah gedung-gedung kantor yang kosong.

Perlawanan Indonesia berlangsung dalam dua tahap, pertama pengorbanan diri secara fanatik, dengan orang-orang yang hanya bersenjatakan pisau-pisau belati menyerang tank-tank Sherman, dan kemudian dengan cara yang lebih terorganisir dan lebih efektif, mengikuti dengan cermat buku-buku petunjuk militer Jepang”

Pertempuran berlangsung dengan ganas selama 3 minggu. Pada akhir bulan November 1945 seluruh kota telah jatuh ke tangan sekutu. Para pejuang Indonesia yang masih hidup mengikuti ribuan pengungsi yang melarikan diri meninggalkan Surabaya dan kemudian mereka membuat garis pertahanan baru mulai dari Mojokerto di Barat hingga ke arah Sidoarjo di Timur.

Menurut Ricklefs (2008) sedikitnya ada 6000 rakyat Indonesia yang gugur. Meski pihak republik kehilangan banyak tentara dan pemuda, tetapi perlawanan mereka yang bersifat pengorbanan tersebut telah menciptakan lambang dan pekik persatuan demi revolusi.

Pustaka :

(1)   Rakyat Jawa Timur Mempertahankan Kemerdekaan. Irna H.N. Grasindo. 1994.

(2)   Revolusi Pemuda. Ben Anderson. Sinar Harapan. 1988.

(3)   Sejarah Indonesia Modern. M.C.Ricklefs. Serambi. 2008.

(4)   http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristiwa_10_November